nterfacing high-speed data converters
There are several ways to give a signal to a high-speed ADC. This post explains the tradeoffs between baluns, transformers and op amps.
ADCs analog-to-digital converters deploy technology to sample and capture analog signals with great precision and at quick sampling rates. The complexity of data converters rises with high sampling rates and/or high quantity of bits. Data converters are specified with right input conditions, which you have to strict to in order to win the ultimate result. It is a challenge to gauge, drive, and interface the analog signal to the ADC input.
ADC input architectures and choice of driver
The analog-input configuration of an ADC differs based on the quantum of bits of resolution and the highest sample frequency. The input stage of the converter might be single-ended or differential. In addition, the inputs themselves may be high-impedance or they may be linked to switched-capacitor circuit elements. High-impedance inputs are sometimes named as buffered inputs. Both of these factors influence the option of the input driver.
Features. Maximum Sample Rate: 80 MSPS; 12-bit Resolution with No Missing Codes; Buffered Analog Inputs with. Very Low Input Capacitance (< 2 pF); High DC Resistance (5 k ). 82 dBc SFDR and 70 dBFS SNR (-1 BFS or 1.8 Vpp input) … [view original]
NORWOOD, Mass.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Analog Devices’ low-power, high-speed 14-bit ADCs incorporate the JESD204A data converter serial interface standard. [view original]
Features. Maximum Sample Rate: 200 MSPS; High Dynamic Performance. SFDR 82 dBc at 140 MHz; 72.3 dBFS SNR in 60 MHz BW Using SNRBoost3G technology. SNRBoost3G Highlights. Supports Wide Bandwidth up to 60 MHz; Programmable Bandwidths – 60 … [view original]
Johnson Thermo-Electrochemical Converter System – SciForums.com. PDF/Adobe Acrobat – Quick ViewThe Thermo Scientific SRS Pro solvent recycling system can reduce mobile phase 12 bit analog-to-digital converter. • 1 Hz data rate. … [view original]
Analog Devices has unveiled a new analogue to digital converter, which consumes 328mW per channel – half the power per channel of competing data converters. [view original]
Friday, December 17, 2010
What Is A Solar Powerfulness Inverter and Why Do I Need …
If you are one of those guys that loves cars then you will love this article as well. Even if you’re not that much into auto mobiles you will realize that what I’m about to tell you is really practical. I will tell you about a cool device called a power inverter. This device cam take the normal DC power your car usually has and transform it into super VAC power that can give you enough energy to be able to charge something more than a simple cell phone.
These power inverters used to be very cheap a few years back but if you haven’t bought one back then you can buy one today. Think about the positive parts about this device. You will never have to face a dead battery in practically anything. This is just part of the coolness of this device.
You can find these power inverters in all sorts of sizes. This means that you can boy a small one that you will be able to use for small things like a laptop for example. You can also find large power inverters which you will be able to use to power bigger objects that require more power.
You should pay attention, though, to that you plug into the inverter. You will fry the inverter as well as some circuits of you car if you will plug a large object like mechanical saw into a small power inverter. You should buy the power inverter in correlation to what you are going to is it for.
If this is the first time you ever heard about a power inverter then you should really go and buy one because you will make your highway life a lot easier. You will be able to power up things that otherwise would be dead in a car.
These power inverters used to be very cheap a few years back but if you haven’t bought one back then you can buy one today. Think about the positive parts about this device. You will never have to face a dead battery in practically anything. This is just part of the coolness of this device.
You can find these power inverters in all sorts of sizes. This means that you can boy a small one that you will be able to use for small things like a laptop for example. You can also find large power inverters which you will be able to use to power bigger objects that require more power.
You should pay attention, though, to that you plug into the inverter. You will fry the inverter as well as some circuits of you car if you will plug a large object like mechanical saw into a small power inverter. You should buy the power inverter in correlation to what you are going to is it for.
If this is the first time you ever heard about a power inverter then you should really go and buy one because you will make your highway life a lot easier. You will be able to power up things that otherwise would be dead in a car.
Wednesday, December 8, 2010
How to Lay the Foundation to Start Your Own Business via Online Marketing
Many people have a big misconception that they have to quit their job to start their own business. In reality, it is perfectly doable to start a new business while you are still working. I highly recommend that anybody starting their own business gives themselves a year to start getting online exposure before leaping into anything. Laying down the foundation for online marketing success is most important. These days, if you are not online, you will struggle to be truly successful. My site gets hit around 400 times per day (not bad for a niche industry!) Because of all the traffic we get from our website, we now have so many incoming leads that we can choose which clients we want to work with and which clients we do not. In this economy, this is not something that many companies have the luxury of. With that being said, let’s get started.
First, I recommend that you start your own business as opposed to buying a franchise or becoming a reseller. Subway is not in the business of making you rich. Yes, some manage to do it. If it was a foolproof plan, however, everybody would own one. To avoid having to deal with manufacturers, begin a service type business. Also, think locally. When you are just getting started, don’t try to compete on a national level. Start small and work your way up little by little. If you take care with each step in the process, a few years down the line you’ll be ready to launch a much larger campaign and your competitors won’t know what hit them.
Lay down the foundation to get ranked highly on Google so your business can last for years to come. Follow these guidelines to make sure you do it right:
1. Pick a domain name that describes what you do. Do not name your company after your last name. Name it after the product or service. When I began my firm, I did not know this and it took me a while to get Google’s authority on a particular subject. Now, my site gets around 400 hits per day, though I feel this could have been achieved far more quickly if I had chosen a domain based on the service I was providing. Only use .com domains, and shorter names are better than longer ones. To give you an example of how important this is, Google “NYC Sales Recruiters.” Look at a company by the name of Sales Expert Executive recruiters. They have a template based 10 page website. Then, look at mine. We have 170 pages of articles written about sales recruiting. That is how much weight the search engine puts on domain names. It took me nearly a year to learn how to beat them in most categories.
2. Brand your company for Google. Start out with what are called long-tail keyword phrases. Long-tail keyword phrases are 5 words. When I began to learn online marketing, I went after words like “New York City sales recruiters.” Then, as time progressed, I began going after shorter keywords and the traffic to my site increased.
3. Study how to build backlinks to your website. There are tons of articles out there telling you how to do this. Building backlinks to your site is very important, and at first, should be done gradually. Right off the bat, the best way to build links is to submit your website to several website directories. The main ones are www.business.com and www.dir.yahoo.com. It’s well worth the money. Then, begin a blog and frequently update it with posts. Have HTML links with the keywords you are going after pointing back to your site. Also, write interesting articles and submit them to online article sites such as Ezine. Writing is the key to gaining backlinks to your site and is the most important facet of online marketing success. However, when submitting your first articles to these sites, make sure they are perfect. If you mess up on the first few, the editors will dismiss your subsequent efforts.
4. Keep track of your site’s progress. You should begin to see an increase in website traffic and your Google page rank start to climb. Make sure people can contact you through the website. There is no better way to gauge your success with online marketing then how many clients are coming in.
So that’s opening your own business, in a nutshell. Depending on the industry you choose and the product or service you are selling, you will run in to your own unique problems and obstacles. Figuring out how to get past them, however, is just part of the fun.
Ken Sundheim is the founder of KAS Placement, which is a 5-year-old company with nearly 10 employees and growing at a very rapid pace. Read more about Ken here.
First, I recommend that you start your own business as opposed to buying a franchise or becoming a reseller. Subway is not in the business of making you rich. Yes, some manage to do it. If it was a foolproof plan, however, everybody would own one. To avoid having to deal with manufacturers, begin a service type business. Also, think locally. When you are just getting started, don’t try to compete on a national level. Start small and work your way up little by little. If you take care with each step in the process, a few years down the line you’ll be ready to launch a much larger campaign and your competitors won’t know what hit them.
Lay down the foundation to get ranked highly on Google so your business can last for years to come. Follow these guidelines to make sure you do it right:
1. Pick a domain name that describes what you do. Do not name your company after your last name. Name it after the product or service. When I began my firm, I did not know this and it took me a while to get Google’s authority on a particular subject. Now, my site gets around 400 hits per day, though I feel this could have been achieved far more quickly if I had chosen a domain based on the service I was providing. Only use .com domains, and shorter names are better than longer ones. To give you an example of how important this is, Google “NYC Sales Recruiters.” Look at a company by the name of Sales Expert Executive recruiters. They have a template based 10 page website. Then, look at mine. We have 170 pages of articles written about sales recruiting. That is how much weight the search engine puts on domain names. It took me nearly a year to learn how to beat them in most categories.
2. Brand your company for Google. Start out with what are called long-tail keyword phrases. Long-tail keyword phrases are 5 words. When I began to learn online marketing, I went after words like “New York City sales recruiters.” Then, as time progressed, I began going after shorter keywords and the traffic to my site increased.
3. Study how to build backlinks to your website. There are tons of articles out there telling you how to do this. Building backlinks to your site is very important, and at first, should be done gradually. Right off the bat, the best way to build links is to submit your website to several website directories. The main ones are www.business.com and www.dir.yahoo.com. It’s well worth the money. Then, begin a blog and frequently update it with posts. Have HTML links with the keywords you are going after pointing back to your site. Also, write interesting articles and submit them to online article sites such as Ezine. Writing is the key to gaining backlinks to your site and is the most important facet of online marketing success. However, when submitting your first articles to these sites, make sure they are perfect. If you mess up on the first few, the editors will dismiss your subsequent efforts.
4. Keep track of your site’s progress. You should begin to see an increase in website traffic and your Google page rank start to climb. Make sure people can contact you through the website. There is no better way to gauge your success with online marketing then how many clients are coming in.
So that’s opening your own business, in a nutshell. Depending on the industry you choose and the product or service you are selling, you will run in to your own unique problems and obstacles. Figuring out how to get past them, however, is just part of the fun.
Ken Sundheim is the founder of KAS Placement, which is a 5-year-old company with nearly 10 employees and growing at a very rapid pace. Read more about Ken here.
Tuesday, November 9, 2010
Occupational Health and Safety
Health and safety of the employees are important aspects in an organization's smooth and effective functioning. Good health and safety environment ensures an accident-free industrial set up. Maintenance of occupational safety and health is very closely related to productivity and good employer-employee relationship. Awareness of Occupational Health and Safety (OH&S) has improved in India considerably. Achieving high OH&S performance has become one of the key aspects of business activities.
Management of Occupational Health and Safety demands adoption of a structured approach for the identification of hazards, their evaluation and control of risks in the organisation. Bureau of Indian Standards has formulated an Indian Standard on OH&S management systems. It is called as the IS 18001:2000 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. This standard prescribes requirements for an OH&S Management Systems to enable an organization to formulate a policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risks, which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization. All the requirements in this standard are intended to be incorporated into any OH&S management system. This standard also provides informative guidance on the use of the specification.
Organizations interested in obtaining licence for OH&S Management System as per IS 18001 should ensure that they are operating the system according to this standard. The organization should apply on the prescribed proforma ( Form IV ) at the nearest Regional Office of BIS along with Questionnaire ( Form X ) and the prescribed application fee. The application shall be signed by the proprietor or the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the organization or any other person authorised to sign on behalf of the organization. The name and designation of the person signing the application must be recorded legibly in a space set apart for the purpose in the application form. Each application must be accompanied by a documented Occupational Health and Safety Management System Documentation (such as OHS manual etc.)
The Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) and the Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) are the two field organisations of the Ministry of Labour and Employment in the area of occupational safety and health in mines, factories and ports. The Directorate General, Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), Mumbai,which is an attached office of the Ministry of Labour and Employment,functions as a technical arm of the Ministry in regard to matters concerned with safety, health and welfare of workers in factories and ports/docks. Directorate General of Mines Safety is the Indian Goverment Regulatory agency for safety in mines and oil-fields. The mission of the DGMS is to continually improve safety and health standards, practices and performance in the mining industry and upstream petroleum industry.
Management of Occupational Health and Safety demands adoption of a structured approach for the identification of hazards, their evaluation and control of risks in the organisation. Bureau of Indian Standards has formulated an Indian Standard on OH&S management systems. It is called as the IS 18001:2000 Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems. This standard prescribes requirements for an OH&S Management Systems to enable an organization to formulate a policy and objectives, taking into account legislative requirements and information about significant hazards and risks, which the organization can control and over which it can be expected to have an influence, to protect its employees and others, whose health and safety may be affected by the activities of the organization. All the requirements in this standard are intended to be incorporated into any OH&S management system. This standard also provides informative guidance on the use of the specification.
Organizations interested in obtaining licence for OH&S Management System as per IS 18001 should ensure that they are operating the system according to this standard. The organization should apply on the prescribed proforma ( Form IV ) at the nearest Regional Office of BIS along with Questionnaire ( Form X ) and the prescribed application fee. The application shall be signed by the proprietor or the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the organization or any other person authorised to sign on behalf of the organization. The name and designation of the person signing the application must be recorded legibly in a space set apart for the purpose in the application form. Each application must be accompanied by a documented Occupational Health and Safety Management System Documentation (such as OHS manual etc.)
The Directorate General of Mines Safety (DGMS) and the Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) are the two field organisations of the Ministry of Labour and Employment in the area of occupational safety and health in mines, factories and ports. The Directorate General, Factory Advice Service & Labour Institutes (DGFASLI), Mumbai,which is an attached office of the Ministry of Labour and Employment,functions as a technical arm of the Ministry in regard to matters concerned with safety, health and welfare of workers in factories and ports/docks. Directorate General of Mines Safety is the Indian Goverment Regulatory agency for safety in mines and oil-fields. The mission of the DGMS is to continually improve safety and health standards, practices and performance in the mining industry and upstream petroleum industry.
Wages and Benefits
Wages and fringe benefits vary considerably by industry, company size and region. Wages have two components: the basic salary and an allowance ("dearness allowance") linked to the cost-of-living index. The allowance, paid as part of the monthly salary, may be at a flat rate or on a scale graduated by income group; it often adds 60% or more to base pay. A mandatory bonus supplements wages.
Companies use both time and piece rates. The former is more common in organised-factory industries, such as engineering, chemicals, cement, paper and glass. Rates may be per hour, day, week or month. Piece rates, which the government has encouraged in order to boost productivity, are usually paid monthly, although casual workers are paid on a daily basis. Some industries (especially metal extracting, metal rolling, electrical machinery and glass) pay production premiums.
In the organised sector, wages are often set by settlements reached between trade unions and management.
The central government sets a general floor minimum wage and sets other, higher minimum wages for different industries. The state governments set different minimum wages for other industries, but these are not bound by the central government's floor wage.
Fringe benefits normally add 40-50% to base pay. By law, women are entitled to remuneration equal to that of men for performing equivalent work. Mandatory fringe benefits include the following:
Bonus for workers earning Rs3,500 or less per month (minimum of 8.33% and maximum of 20% of annual wages in factories employing ten or more). The minimum bonus payable is Rs2,500 and the maximum bonus actually payable is Rs6,000.
Dearness allowance (based on cost-of-living index) for all levels below management in firms employing 50 or more workers.
Provident fund at 10% of wages (12% for a large number of industries and business establishments) for all workers earning Rs6,500 or less per month.
One day of paid vacation for every 20 days worked (granted to every worker who has worked in a factory for a period of 240 days or more).
Health insurance (employer contributes 4.75% of total wage bill) for those who earn Rs6,500 or less per month.
Severance pay of 15 days of average salary for each complete year of continuous service.
Sick leave of seven days annually at full pay; half pay for those covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act.
Casual leave of seven to ten days for unforeseen circumstances.
Maternity leave of 12 weeks at full pay.
Companies use both time and piece rates. The former is more common in organised-factory industries, such as engineering, chemicals, cement, paper and glass. Rates may be per hour, day, week or month. Piece rates, which the government has encouraged in order to boost productivity, are usually paid monthly, although casual workers are paid on a daily basis. Some industries (especially metal extracting, metal rolling, electrical machinery and glass) pay production premiums.
In the organised sector, wages are often set by settlements reached between trade unions and management.
The central government sets a general floor minimum wage and sets other, higher minimum wages for different industries. The state governments set different minimum wages for other industries, but these are not bound by the central government's floor wage.
Fringe benefits normally add 40-50% to base pay. By law, women are entitled to remuneration equal to that of men for performing equivalent work. Mandatory fringe benefits include the following:
Bonus for workers earning Rs3,500 or less per month (minimum of 8.33% and maximum of 20% of annual wages in factories employing ten or more). The minimum bonus payable is Rs2,500 and the maximum bonus actually payable is Rs6,000.
Dearness allowance (based on cost-of-living index) for all levels below management in firms employing 50 or more workers.
Provident fund at 10% of wages (12% for a large number of industries and business establishments) for all workers earning Rs6,500 or less per month.
One day of paid vacation for every 20 days worked (granted to every worker who has worked in a factory for a period of 240 days or more).
Health insurance (employer contributes 4.75% of total wage bill) for those who earn Rs6,500 or less per month.
Severance pay of 15 days of average salary for each complete year of continuous service.
Sick leave of seven days annually at full pay; half pay for those covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act.
Casual leave of seven to ten days for unforeseen circumstances.
Maternity leave of 12 weeks at full pay.
Engagement and Dismissal
India has the world's third-largest pool of scientific and technical personnel, which serves as an important attraction for foreign investors. Most managerial and technical people, and many skilled workers, speak English, and many have studied or worked abroad. Unemployment and underemployment are high, providing an abundant supply of potential employees. Although there is a large pool of underemployed educated personnel, as in much of the developing world, illiteracy acts as a brake on labor productivity in the workforce as a whole. The current 148 industrial policy provides for hiring of foreign technicians without prior government approval.
The RBI (Reserve Bank of India) has raised the remittable per-diem rate from USD 500 to USD 1000, with an annual ceiling of USD 200,000 for services provided by foreign technicians payable to a foreign firm.
Technical personnel can remit up to 75 percent of their monthly net income through authorized exchange dealers. Total duration of employment of a technician is limited to 12 months at a time. Employment in excess of 12 months requires clearance by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
India is a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and adheres to 37 ILO conventions protecting worker rights. Industrial relations are governed by the Industrial and Disputes Act of 1947. The Act curbs unfair labor practices by employers, workers or trade unions through imposition of fines and imprisonment. Workers may form or join unions of their choice. Nevertheless, although unionized workers affiliated with national federations number more than seven million, their unions represent less than one fourth of the workers in the so called modern sector (subject to the Factories Act of 1948), primarily in state-owned concerns, and less than two percent of the total work force. Where workers are unionized, wage increases are negotiated between unions and management. Most unions are linked to political parties and their politicization has, in the past, created problems for domestic and foreign employers. Labor militancy has declined in recent years, however, even among the formerly strident Communist-Marxist unions of West Bengal. Workdays lost to strikes and lock-outs have declined every year since 1991. Worker rights are broadly protected under Indian law.
The Industrial Disputes Act established freedom of association and collective bargaining rights. The Factories Act regulates working conditions in mechanized factories employing more than 10 employees or non-mechanized factories employing more than twenty, prescribing standards for working conditions, working hours, handling and storage of materials, etc. Other laws regulate employment of women and children and prohibit bonded labor.
Enforcement of these laws has been imperfect, however, and working conditions for workers not subject to the Factories Act are often quite poor. Payment of wages is governed by the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 and Minimum Wages Act, 1948. Industrial wages range from about USD 3 per day for unskilled workers, to over USD 150 per month for skilled 149 production workers. Retrenchment, closure and layoffs are governed by the Industrial Disputes Act, which requires prior government permission to carry out layoffs or closure of businesses employing 100 or more workers. In practice, permission is not easily obtained. However, private firms
have successfully downsized using voluntary retirement schemes.
The RBI (Reserve Bank of India) has raised the remittable per-diem rate from USD 500 to USD 1000, with an annual ceiling of USD 200,000 for services provided by foreign technicians payable to a foreign firm.
Technical personnel can remit up to 75 percent of their monthly net income through authorized exchange dealers. Total duration of employment of a technician is limited to 12 months at a time. Employment in excess of 12 months requires clearance by the Ministry of Home Affairs.
India is a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO) and adheres to 37 ILO conventions protecting worker rights. Industrial relations are governed by the Industrial and Disputes Act of 1947. The Act curbs unfair labor practices by employers, workers or trade unions through imposition of fines and imprisonment. Workers may form or join unions of their choice. Nevertheless, although unionized workers affiliated with national federations number more than seven million, their unions represent less than one fourth of the workers in the so called modern sector (subject to the Factories Act of 1948), primarily in state-owned concerns, and less than two percent of the total work force. Where workers are unionized, wage increases are negotiated between unions and management. Most unions are linked to political parties and their politicization has, in the past, created problems for domestic and foreign employers. Labor militancy has declined in recent years, however, even among the formerly strident Communist-Marxist unions of West Bengal. Workdays lost to strikes and lock-outs have declined every year since 1991. Worker rights are broadly protected under Indian law.
The Industrial Disputes Act established freedom of association and collective bargaining rights. The Factories Act regulates working conditions in mechanized factories employing more than 10 employees or non-mechanized factories employing more than twenty, prescribing standards for working conditions, working hours, handling and storage of materials, etc. Other laws regulate employment of women and children and prohibit bonded labor.
Enforcement of these laws has been imperfect, however, and working conditions for workers not subject to the Factories Act are often quite poor. Payment of wages is governed by the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 and Minimum Wages Act, 1948. Industrial wages range from about USD 3 per day for unskilled workers, to over USD 150 per month for skilled 149 production workers. Retrenchment, closure and layoffs are governed by the Industrial Disputes Act, which requires prior government permission to carry out layoffs or closure of businesses employing 100 or more workers. In practice, permission is not easily obtained. However, private firms
have successfully downsized using voluntary retirement schemes.
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